German Racial Views And Policies Towards The Jewish People...

On the 20th of January 1942, leading members of the Nazi party had met in Berlin to discuss how they could make the mass murder of all the Jewish people in Europe an organised and methodical procedure; this discussion would be known as ‘’the Final Solution of the Jewish Question’’. This essay will prove that the progressive development of German racial views and policies towards the Jewish people, did in fact led to the Final Solution, and ultimately an attempt at the mass genocide of the Jewish population all due to the absurd anti-Semitic mind sets of the German people. In the 1920s, the Nazi party had come into power under Adolf Hitler s rule, who had begun to put in place the Nazi parties racial ideology. The Nazis had seen the German people as racially superior, and that anyone who wasn’t German, was inferior and would interrupt the creation of the perfect human race, or what would be known as the ‘’Aryan’’ race. The inferior people noticed by the Nazis were the; gypsies, Jews, poles and those of colour, however, the Jews were the main virus with regards to the Germans. The German people had the idea that the crisis in Germany and the hyperinflation of the Weimar republic occurred all due to the Jewish people, and what would really create an anti-Semitic atmosphere, would be Germany’s loss of world war one. The Germans would want the Jews to leave so badly, that they would sign the Haavara Agreement, which would allow the German Jews the chance to emigrate toShow MoreRelatedGerman Attitudes Toward the Jews and the Final Solution Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesGerman Attitudes Toward the Jews and the Final Solution There are those that claim that Hitler’s conscious personal hatred of the Jews, his unique and central role in the rise of Nazi Germany were fundamental in the development of the anti-Jewish policies that emerged leading to the final solution. However, there is strong evidence to suggest that the anti- Jewish feeling in Germany reflected a much stronger, widespread support amongst its people and this essay willRead MoreEssay on German Genocide Target 841 Words   |  4 PagesNazis acted towards the Jews. According to A Teacher’s Guide to the Holocaust, once Hitler was in control of the German government â€Å"he translated his harsh feeling toward Jews into many policies and statutes which eroded the rights of German Jews from 1933-1939† (â€Å"Victims†). The anti-Jewish racist legislation passed The Nuremberg Laws in September, 1935. These laws made an extremely in depth Nazi definition of who was Jewish. A lot of people who did not think of themselves as Jewish were now beingRead MoreThe Holocaust and Nazi Germany1477 Words   |  6 Pagesclear link can be made between Nazi racial ideologies and Hitler’s foreign policy. 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VPN stands for Virtual Private Network or Virtual Private Networking. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8194 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Pop Quiz! VPN stands for A.1 VPN stands for Virtual Private Network or Virtual Private Networking. A VPN is a private network in the sense that it carries controlled information, protected by various security mechanisms, between known parties. VPNs are only virtually private, however, because this data actually travels over shared public networks instead of fully dedicated private connections. Introduction I have a strong point of view that MCC has been fostering is dear students from all computing courses since its establishment. With the intention of uplifting the education standard in Computer Technology, MCC has collaborated with NCC of Greenwich College in London to set up the Joint Program of International Diploma in Computer Studies (IDCS). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "VPN stands for Virtual Private Network or Virtual Private Networking." essay for you Create order I have given my best effort and attention and I also obtained priceless knowledge and experience in developing and implementing the cost-effective VPN extranet infrastructure for National Bank for Rural Development. Overview The construction of the Rural National Development Bank brought great prosperity to an area where previously had tremendous hardship in making monetary transaction. Being in a rural area like this, we cant have hefty load of budgets invest in for the normal operation of the bank. The bank has currently been using Microsoft Windows operating system as client machines and also the network is window-based. The bank wants to create a corporate network infrastructure to connect their agents and branches securely. The bank preferred to use NOS for Ubuntu Linux for they will reduce the overall cost dramatically when compared to Microsoft Server Version. All of these multi-functioned organisations and personnel need to have a medium to communicate for the smooth flow of their work. As the new networking advisor for this project, I have thought out the plan to implement such medium on less costly basis. The aim of this project is to investigate the currently favourable means for building a secure corporate network infrastructure that consists of servers, extranet, preferred form of internet connection and clients. This report will contain recommended methods and a sample of a network security design with a clearly labeled diagram. Also, the source and references of information and excerpts in this report will be acknowledged and can be found at the end of this documentation. Prototype for the Extranet VPN for NBRD There are altogether 500 computers and 100 peripheral devices in the main office bank. There are tens of departments and hundreds of staff ranging from front-office to auditor. VPN actually is a private network for delivering of important data and facts within the organisation via the secure use of the public network like Internet or Wide Area Network. The internet source is coming from ISP which provides high-speed Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line. The main office is a very sophisticated infrastructure and the daily normal operation of the bank is very much dependant on four servers-VPN Server which is a must in all VPN configured network, Print Server, File Server and Database Server. The computers and peripheral devices are connected from the four servers via multi-purpose switch (to regenerate signals). The outlet of the main office building has router in place for connecting separate logical networks to form an internetwork. And then comes the Gateway to convert Microsoft Ma il to Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) for transmission over the Internet. Although routers work at the Network layer and can route packets of the same protocol (such as TCP/IP) over networks with dissimilar architectures (such as Ethernet to token ring), gateways can route packets over networks with different protocols. And then comes a firewall. A firewall is a hardware device or software program that inspects packets going into or out of a network or computer and then discards or forwards those packets based on a set of rules. The data then travels on the VPN tunnel by using IPSec Protocol. It is the most popular method for encrypting data as it travels through network media. IPSec works by establishing an association between two communicating devices. An association is formed by two devices authenticating their identities via a preshared key, Kerberos authentication, or digital certificates. Suburban branch has 300 computers and 50 peripheral devices and has varieties of de partments and large numbers of staff for its daily normal operation and performs the same task mentioned above. National Bank for Rural Development has 50 computers and 5 peripheral devices. It also has departments and staffs but it depends on VPN server for its normal operation. Business partners and agents are connected to the VPN via remote access. Brief biography of Ubuntu is an open source (can change the source computer code at your desire) operating system version is upgraded every six months desktop, server and ultimate editions are available Can be used wih wide ranges of computers and hardwares:-(Intel x86 (IBM-compatible PC), AMD64 (Hammer) and PowerPC (Apple iBook and Powerbook, G4 and G5) architectures) Supported by Canonical Ltd. is GNU/Linux (comprises of many programs and most essential one is kernel which is linux in (GNU/Linux) and it combines with other GNU programs to boot up the system) and if an error occurs and the Kernel becomes corrupted, a different copy can then be used instead. debian-based Linux is the system descended from Unix GNU/Linux was put into existence by Free Software Foundation in 1984 is free-of-charge and totally aimed at programmers and developers The first Linux kernel was invented by Finland-national Computer Science student Linus Torvalds Because of its alluring advantages such as being free of charge, compatible with many software programs, not easily hanged or freezed, multi-tasking, and more safer than other OS make Linux more popular among business partners and individual person hide the user from browsing the registry keys that have important information more effective in hindering the spread of viruses and executing of malicious programs and threats Ubuntu can be downloaded from this site: https://www.ubuntu.com/getubuntu is compatible with Intel and AMD and the compatibility with hardware parts can be checked in this site: https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO/ https://www.linux-laptop.net/ (For laptops) The minimum requirements for Ubuntu 700 MHz x86 processor 384 MB of system memory (RAM) 8 GB of disk space Graphics card capable of 1024768 resolution Sound card A network or Internet connection CD/DVD Drive For visual effects and graphic 1.2 GHz x86 processor 512 MB of system memory (RAM) Supported graphics card Note: the above descriptions are only minimum requirements and better processor and system memory will certainly enhance the performance of Ubuntu. For downloading software for disk partition by using disk management of windows: https://www.partition-tool.com/personal.htm Task 1- 50 Marks Your Bank currently has network client machines based on the Microsoft Windows Operating System. The Bank decides to evaluate the benefits of the open source Linux operating system, preferably the latest Ubuntu Linux distribution version 9.10 server edition (freely downloadable from https://www.ubuntu.com) Evaluate the benefit of Linux operating system as Interoperable and alternative NOS for the company in the form of a feasibility report to include the following: 1.1) The comparative Networking features of Windows and Linux. (10 Marks) Comparative Networking Features of Windows and Linux Windows Operating System Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) acts as a shield from unauthorized access to home networks and computers. It had come with the window installation package and it enables automatically in its default settings when the Network Setup Wizard is run and is compatible with most networks. ICF has manual switch on-off modes which can be done through the Network Connections folder. Wireless LAN provides Ethernet and Wireless Security with its improved standard IEEE 802.1X which has been developed with the combined effort of Microsoft, Wireless LAN dealers and PC dealers. Former version is highly inefficient in lacking security control with a key management system. The IEEE 802.1X is a port-based network access control and can be used with Windows XP via access points. Network Setup Wizard acts as a novice guideline in setting up the network can be utilised to configure the Internet Connection in networked computers, and also network adapters (NIC Card) can be used to enable Internet Connection Firewall (ICF), Network Bridge if appropriate, sharing resources such as files and printers and naming of computers. Network Diagnostics Features Diagnosing network features by using the following tools: The Network Diagnostics Web Page and NetSh helper Network Connections Support Tab Network Connection Repair Link Task Manager Networking Tab Updated Command Line Network Diagnostics Tool Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) A single internet connection from the source computer can be shared to all the other computers in a home or small office network. ICS is enabled in the source computer and gives out all the physical and IP addresses and translates these for all the networked computers in the organisation. Linux Operating System acts as a forbidder for all incoming connections but opens up for outgoing connections. When in high mode, it allows for all outgoing connections and restricts to limited number of high ports for point-to-point applications. When switch to medium mode, still permits outgoing connections, selected applications for incoming ports plus point-to-point application. When change to none mode (get out of my face), it denies all incoming and outgoing connections. Only in the laptop mode, the firewall does activate without giving any alert to an Interface (GUI). Protocols Linux supports IPv6 and SSH but Windows is not. 1.2) Interoperability features of Ubuntu with the existing Microsoft Windows Workstations. (10 Marks) Interoperability refers to the capability of the system ranging from hardware and OS to work in multi-platforms. Windows and Linux are both OS and of x386 architecture. Open Office in Linux which is similar to MS Office in Windows is java based application. All of us know java -based applications will work in any platform. OpenOffice.org can be used to open and save Microsoft Office formats, such as PowerPoint, Word and Excel documents. Ubuntu can share files with Windows with ease, and can connect with current e-mail servers even Microsoft Exchange. Ubuntu support plug-n-play hardware, wireless networking, printing and other graphical and multimedia software. Connecting from Linux to Windows With the use of network, we can control Windows computer from Linux: enable remote administration on the Windows host make sure you reach the computer from your Linux box ping windows_computer connect to the computer rdesktop windows_computer Connecting from Windows to Linux The following can be used to have control over Linux computer from a Windows box: Vnc Xdmcp NX X-Servers for Windows puTTy (command-line only) Exchanging files between Linux and Windows When having two hard disk partitions but running on one OS, in case want to access a Linux partition when running Windows and vice versa, the following can be done: When on a Linux host and want to access a Windows drive Winhost has been assumed as Windows computers hostname in this case (the hostname can be checked by right clicking on My Computer Icon and select Properties). Open the Explorer windows on Windows computer. Right-click on the folder and choose Sharing and security from the drop-down box. Name it share1. Then, on Linux computer, open the file explorer either Konqueror or Nautilus and type smb: //winhost/share1 in the address bar. All the files and folders can be seen in that share. With just double-click, you can open and view them. Want to share When on a Linux computer and want to make the folder accessible on Windows machines over the network, need to run SAMBA service on Linux computer. Right-click on a folder in favourite file explorer like Nautilus and choose Sharing Options. Click and name the share. Nautilus will require a password without prior enabling of the Windows folder sharing and after that install the service. It now requires you to log out and log in again. Windows computer should be available with the share. When on a Windows host and want to access a Linux drive WinSCP is used and SFTP protocol should be chosen. The login procedure and password are same as when log in locally. Firewall should be shut down and openssh service should be installed on Linux computer. Want to share a folder By using normal Windows sharing procedures can share files with Linux. By using samba, the Linux host can access these files. NTFS (New Technology File System) is the Microsoft Window default file system. It is readable as well with Linux and more than 2GB of files can be stored. 1.3) You need to install Ubuntu on a machine and configure network services for Windows and Linux mainly for file sharing and printing. Necessary screen shots have to be provided. Installation of Ubuntu Server Edition 9.10 During the ongoing installation process of Ubuntu Server Edition, LAMP which is a combination of Linux, Apache, and MySQL and PHP servers can be used instead. It is excluded from the Ubuntu Server Installation Package and can easily be used during the time of installation. The LAMP option does not require individual installation and integration separately of each of these components which can take prolonged period of time and need a help from an expert who is skilled in this particular installation. The overall cost can be greatly reduced due to the enhanced security performance, requiring lesser amount of time to install and any possibility of misconfiguration can be reduced. Flexible installation can be carried out with the Ubuntu Server Cloud computing server as varieties of servers like Mail Server, Open SSH Server, Samba File Server, Print Server, Tomcat Java Server, Virtual Machine Host, Manual Package selection, LAMP and DNS options work jointly with cloud computing node and P ostgreSQL Database options. These versions can be installed by Ubuntu LAMP server. Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic) Apache 2.2.12 Mysql 5.1.37 PHP 5.2.10 Ubuntu 9.10 (Karmic) LAMP Server Installation is successfully completed and all applications installed will support apache, mysql and php. Ubuntu server 9.10 edition static ip address configuration The command [sudo apt-get install vim-full] can be used to install vim editor TCP/IP utilisation in a corporate or enterprise network needs the devices to be configured in detail, assigned addresses and the destined machines they were assigned need to be kept track of. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to make this process easier. Through Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Ubuntu installer has arranged our system to acquire its network settings. But we need to switch it to static IP address by editing setup: Edit/etc/network/interfaces and the detail data of your ip address needs to be entered. For instance, IP address 173.20.9.10 is used in this case. The command [sudo vi/etc/network/interfaces] is entered and the file is saved and exit by using the procedure In vi, ESC, and then ZZ to save and exit. The chief network interface auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 173.20.9.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 189.18.9.3 broadcast 198.34.8.9 gateway 167.8.2.3 Now the command [sudo/tec/init.d/networking restart] is used to restart network services When DHCP is not in use, manual setting up of DNS servers in resolv.conf file is needed with command [sudo vi/etc/resolv.conf] In resolv.conf file the one similar to below should be added. search domain.com nameserver xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx File Sharing configuration in Ubuntu server 9.10 edition Sharing File by using NFS which is the *nix systems default networking protocol inclusive of Ubuntu Linux. File sharing by using Samba protocol Samba File Sharing Samba client permits easy and smooth networking with Windows-based networks except firewall is in place at the ports. Ubuntu Jaunty comes originally installed with Samba client. Samba server When Samba server is not installed by default, the instructions below can be used to configure a Samba server. In this way, files can be shared seamlessly between windows Samba network computers to other Samba clients. Install Samba with the command [sudo apt-get install samba samba-tools system-config-samba] Samba-tools and system-config-samba are not compulsory Samba settings can be altered by:- Method 1 SystemAdministrationAdvancedSamba This method can only be performed only if system-config-samba is installed Method 2 Needs User Authentication to connect to File Sharing Server and it is highly recommended because of its reliability The instructions below should be carried out to share files on the machine. Current user should be added to Samba by command [sudo smbpasswd- a username] The login username should replace username. Samba config file is opened by command [sudo nano/etc/samba/smb.conf] The directories is to be added at the far end by using the format Path=/home/username/folder_to_be_shared (The username is to be replaced with your own username and folder-to-be_shared with the folder to be shared) CTRL+ X is pressed and later Y to save Samba is restarted by the command[sudo/etc/init.d/samba restart] The format[192.168.x.x] is used to access the folder in Windows Explorer. In this instance, 192.168.x.x is used as a sample IP address and the actual IP address of the server in which folder exists should be replaced. The format[smb://192.168.x.x] should be typed in Konqueror or Nautilus of Linux. In this instance also, 192.168.x.x should be replace with the actual IP address of the server in which the folder exists. In case of bug when sharing in KDEs System Settings panel, erase out any situations concerning with these two lines (case sensitive and msdfs proxy) in /etc/smb.conf. Workgroup changing in Windows network workgroup Change your Windows network Samba workgroup by the command [sudo nano/etc/samba/smb.conf] and search out for this line workgroup= WORKGROUP change the setting according to your LAN workgroups name. Print sharing configuration in Ubuntu server 9.10 edition Printers Many printers can be recognized by the new CUPS interface. The Linux Foundation OpenPrinting database provides instructions to install particular types of unrecognized printers. Printer configuration SystemAdministrationPrintingNew PrinterNew Printer Usually the printer connected and switched on will be detected automatically. My network printer was configured with IP address at 192.168.10.23 and it was correctly installed at socker://192.168.10.23:9100. Through Samba printers on a Windows system and on other networks can be chosen plus directly connected printers. 1.4) Enumerate the various costs associated with the performance, security, support and maintenance of the Ubuntu within the bank. Cost associated with security of the Ubuntu within the bank A Linux-based operating system, Unix-like and open source make the Ubuntu more secure than any other OS. Translation into higher quality code makes it less prone to spyware and viruses than other OS. Rather strict and hyperactive security policy prevents the effects as a result of open ports or misconfigured software. It is truly multiuser operating system with it allowance in users to accomplish their tasks without giving any harm to the system. In Ubuntu, the user never logged in with an administrator account instead log in as a simple user and can change settings concern only with the user but for modifying settings that can somehow affect the system, the user required to type in administrator password. Cost associated with maintenance of the Ubuntu within the bank LTSP thin client technology makes Ubuntu deployment and management simpler and easier. With only a single server, over 50 workstations can be setup, manage and administrate. Ubuntu can therefore reduce the amount of time spend in administrating computers. Ubuntu is and will always be free to obtain, use and upgrade. No license fees or upgrades expenses are cost even if 100 or more machines are to be installed or can install on computers only having specific programs. Ubuntu also assist in saving hardware costs by allowing redeploying older machines as thin clients using LTSP technology. Cost associated with support of Ubuntu within the bank Ubuntu support can be getting from Ubuntu communities. Authors of the Ubuntu can get in touch directly through mailing lists and IRC channels including Ubuntu developers. Wide varieties are support are available, on mailing lists, wiki websites, IRC channels and bug trackers. Canonical who finances Ubuntu development can give help in any paid work. The community at the back of Ubuntu attracts people to the use of operating system. Linux community people are largely ex-Windows users and they have exact feelings the newness of an operating system and they are willing to help. In the Linux environment the best community support is offered by Ubuntu. Cost associated with performance of Ubuntu within the bank Program calls Synaptic offers access to most applications available to Ubuntu and by clicking the program wanted and it will install without needing to accept agreements several times pre-installation. Just select the program and click OK and it is finished. Ubuntu will download the installation files, install them and start the application on its own. That makes Ubuntu easier to install new programs. Ubuntu is fast and does not take up a lot of resources. Performance will not even slow down in prolonged use. Everything will be opened in a short time after clicking the icon and closes immediately when click the icon X. Ubuntu gets update every six months. Everything about Ubuntu is free. Even they will dig their pockets to pay postal charges if you ask them a free copy of the operating system. The software installed is free including all the software that can be downloaded, any help and support is free. Research and produce a comprehensive project plan for the implementation of a VPN within the company. This should include the following: Performance of VPN within the bank VPN has other indirect cost savings advantages over other communications methods such as lesser requirements in training and staff, flexibility and scalability has been greatly increased. The largest benefit to utilising VPNs is money savings. The amount spent will be significantly reduced when compared to dedicated leased line options. Remote users can connect locally to an ISP and tunneling that connection to a VPN device on the destined network. Therefore, reduced technical help is required to install, configure, and manage networking equipment. With the use of a single WAN interface, it can carry out multiple functions so the expenses on WAN equipment installation and maintenance is no longer needed. Organisations can extend their network and capacitate their performance by setting up more accounts to control the increased demand. This will facilitate the answers to market demands or organizational challenges and is also time-saving. Therefore enterprises and corporate organisations can be linked from different locations into the network without the need of complex infrastructure, delays and tremendous expenses in joint with connection across borders. The wide area networking costs are cut down via telecommunication costs. Support of Ubuntu within the bank Technical help resources are sharply reduced with the emergence of VPNs. This is as a result of dependability on one type of Internet protocol (IP) from mobile users to an ISPs POP and security needs are standardised. If taking the help of the service providers to set up VPNs, they will take most of the support tasks for the network. Security of Ubuntu within the bank Fewer networking experts are required to control security features of the VPN as the ISP manages the WAN equipment. Hidden costs associated with distribution of VPN client software. Some adopters are finding that simple tasks not unique to VPNs, such as distributing and installing client software to remote users, pose a bigger challenge than ever imagined. Managing security and authentication systems require realising that complex skill sets not available in-house. Cost-VPN often requires a substantial up-front effort for configuration and software deployment. 2.1) A brief overview of current VPN technologies (both hardware and software). Components needed with VPNs With the effect of high security performance, VPNs are originally complicated. Typical components needed for an effective VPN include: Gateway devices Routers Dedicated servers Firewalls Client software Public-Key infrastructures (PKI) and associated key-management strategies Hardware-based encryption accelerators X.509 digital certificates Certificate Authority (ies) Directory services Servers with these features: Load balancing Failover Redundancy Network-transport communication mechanisms Typically, VPN components connected to the Internet include these: -Certificate Authority (CA) system -Managed ISP to support remote employees Corporate VPN gateway with these indispensables: -LDAP server -Registration Authority (RA) system Firewalls help in accomplishing three goals: Restrict accessing to certain segment of a network Block services requests that are thought to be insecure or unnecessary Interpret network addresses to conceal real device addresses from other segment of a network and is called Network Address Translation, or NAT VPN evaluation Certificate Authority (CA) support: If youll be handling more than a handful of users who possess digital certificates for authentication, youll need robust support for an external provider of CA services. Logging: If youre requiring information logs from the VPN, can they integrate into your existing logging mechanisms and reporting systems? Selective encryption: If youre thinking about adding a VPN to an existing firewall, you may want to encrypt only certain traffic- or risk bringing your firewall to its knees with an overload of overkill. VPN-management modules: Can you integrate your VPN into your existing enterprise networks monitoring system? If you cant, then how will you monitor its uptime? In your evaluation of VPN gateway products, look for these features: X.509 digital-certificate support LDAP support IPSec-compliant Encryption types supported Performance (Mbps) Maximum number of interfaces Maximum number of connections Quality of Service support Clustering (SMP) support Custom-application support Support for High-Availability (HA) features EAL/ITSEC/TCSEC Level In evaluation of VPN client products, look for these essentials: Thin-client support Fat-client support Network-mapping support Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) support NT Domain logon support 2.2) Design a suitable VPN using appropriate Internet Service Provider (ISP) for the requirements of the bank. 2.3) Identify and list the hardware and software required to implement the banks VPN. The infrastructure of existing network should be supported by a server. A server should serve as a domain controller, DNS server, Certificate authority and DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server. The next step is to set up a certificate authority. A VPN server should be kept separate for the sole purposes of security threats. A firewall should be placed at the outlet of VPN server to only permit flow of VPN traffic into this server. Two NICs cards are needed to connect to the internet and the private corporate network. Identification of the remote users identity when trying to access the private corporate network is also necessary. The Server operating system comes with RADIUS- Remote Authentication Dial In User Service and IAS- Internet Authentication Service to do authentication process. VPN hardware products also do the authentication process. The Web Server (HTTP server) responds to HTTP requests for HTML pages that it delivers to customer browsers over the Internet. Its the only server that sits in front of the firewall and allows direct controlled access to the public internet. Its on this server you may want to store static Web page content and graphic images. All information processing that the Web server needs from applications or Database servers can only be accessed through the Firewall. Application Servers store, manage, and operate those software components relevant to the business, including Merchant server software, back-office accounting systems, customer information systems, order entry and fulfillment systems. You many opt for multiple application servers as your needs dictate. Any links to other legacy systems (such as mainframe-based systems0 may be made through the application servers as well. Database Servers store your product, purchase, and customer data in addition to all other distributed processing data already in place. They may use Object-Oriented Database Management products, traditional relational database products, or hybrids of the two. Choices of Database Server software include these: Oracle MS SQL Server Sybase DB/2 Informix Firewalls control the access to the internal (back-office) corporate networks. They serve as the mechanism under which the Web server accesses applications and data that is found behind them. These Firewalls will typically run monitoring software to detect and thwart external attacks on the site, and are needed to protect internal corporate networks. Common Firewall services are implemented as routers that sit in between two domains (subnets), and are selective about IP addresses from which it receives packets before it permits their routing to the other domain (subnet). These select IP addresses are considered as trusted hosts. Mainframe systems, If youve got them, can also be useful in the distributed processing environment. All you have to do is use object wrappers (objects that act like miniature shells to preserve existing processing) to keep the work in a familiar form and place, where it may best be suited for operations or data storage. 2.4) Produce a schedule for the implementation of the VPN, detailing the installation of any necessary hardware, network operating system upgrades and associated applications software required. No Task Date 14 Dec 2009 15 Dec 2009 16 Dec 2009 17 Dec 2009 18 Dec 2009 19 Dec 2009 20 Dec 2009 21 Dec 2009 22 Dec 2009 23 Dec 2009 7Jan 2010 8 Jan 2010 9 Jan 2010 10 Jan 2010 19 Jan 2010 20 Jan 2010 21 Jan 2010 25 Jan 2010 26 Jan 2010 27 Jan 2010 30 Jan 2010 31 Jan 2010 1 Doing research and gathering required information (research stage) 2 Suggesting possible layouts of designs 3 Technical and logical assumptions made on the prototypes (Feasibility Study Stage) 4 Setup installation and testing of real-time infrastructure (Project Plan stage) Upgrading current Window based Network and clients machines to Ubuntu Server Edition 9.10, Existing hardware (Servers, workstations), VPN router or switch, Software to manage or create tunnels and Security device such as firewall 5 Operational Support including teamwork ,budgets and other necessary equipments Finalising report with documentation (Presentation Stage) 2.5) Write a section of the report on the responsibilities and level of service required from an ISP in order to implement a successful VPN within the company. Companies are significantly cutting down their networking costs- for equipment, public network services and even personnel upon their trustworthiness on VPNs. Companies use VPNs mostly for the following works: Sending safe e-mails Providing in-touch accessibility to properties and assets by utilising web sites linked to an intranet Sending and receiving of information and forms within personal and business organizations under extranet connectivity Remote access through the use of Internet is enabled to employees and marketing and support representatives in the fields Connecting branch offices from afar to main corporate networks without the use of costly leased communication lines Can be used to send urgent, top-secret data between organisations in a matter of time ISP Responsibilities To use powerful IPSec protocols to create secure tunnels within the IP network, Remote Technical Support (RTS) Is an elementary level of technical support to solve the remote basis problem? This is in use when the customer depends on its own IT experts to cover daily maintenance tasks of the system. On-Site Support (OSS) This support level includes RTS and allows customer to ask for problem solution both hardware and software at their location. Dedicated Technical Support (DTS) Engineer is constantly present at the customer location with the readily to be use RTS and OSS in active. VPN Network System, installation and setup Positioning of active equipment at the client side or at server side VPN hardware and software of High-quality from well-known brand like Cisco Managing system by engineers or client Firewall setting up and its upkeep Controlled services for authentication Connectivity options of great flexibility Service level Agreement (SLA) 24/7 Technical support Network management responsibilities An enterprise network manager who extends a network with VPN technologies must meet a strict set of business needs that include these: Minimized risk- Moving from a dedicated infrastructure to a shared infrastructure that incorporates the Internet as the transport medium presents new security and auditing challenges. While opening the network to unite remote users, suppliers, and partners, you must be able to maintain the integrity of your corporate data resources. Maximum scalability- Rapidly adding mobile users and new business partners means you must be able to expand the network- upgrading your hardware, software, bandwidth, and services- with unprecedented speed and precision. Lowest cost- To benefit from the savings of a shared VPN infrastructure, you must be able to implement new VPN service and support additional network users-without ballooning your operational staff. Highest reliability- Moving to a shared infrastructure presents new challenges in delivering and monitoring the reliability of the network. Cisco points out those network managers must face at least these thorny issues of supporting a VPN: Coordinating the potentially complex range of configuration environments across multiple service providers Ensuring the security and integrity of the network and the corporate resources of the enterprise Delivering-and monitoring-the service levels promised to customers 2.3) Prepare a short report on Network Security covering: a) Trojan horses, Worms, Viruses and the major network security issues. (10 Marks) A computer virus modifies the way a computer functions without the acknowledgement of the user. To be able to name it as a virus, it must be in accordance with these two conditions: Execution is carried out by self. The viral code is mixed maliciously with uninfected file. Replication can be done by self. Replacement of other executable files with a copy of the virus infected file. Desktop computers and network servers both are prone to virus infection. Damaging programs, deleting files or reformatting the hard disk are some of the potential hazards of malicious viruses. Some types of viruses just want to get attention and awareness of users by showing text and multimedia messages. Viruses such as these can even be problems. They occupy memory space usually taken by normal operation. As a consequence, the system often hanged or freezed and the computer seem to be operating without normality. Bugs often attached to viruses can lead to destruction of data and system crashes. Five well-known viruses File infector viruses infect program files especially .com and .exe files. When infected program is run from floppy, hard drive, or from the network they can infect other files. These viruses can reside in memory. If memory gets infected, all the executables that run become will also get infected. Boot sector viruses infect the boot record on floppy disks and hard disks. These viruses attach to the small program to be run at the start-up and start working when the user use the boot disk to boot the operating system of computer. Naturally, they live in memory and are the potential threat to all types of PCs. All floppy disks that are not write-protected will be infected when trying to access the data from the infected computer. Master boot record viruses are also residing in memory and viral infection is in the same way as boot sector viruses. The location of viral code is the main difference between these two. Master boot record is saved in a different location. Windows NT will not boot under infected circumstances. With hard disk formatted with FAT partitions, by booting to DOS and using antivirus software, the virus can usually be removed. If in NTFS boot partition, the system is to be recovered by using the three Windows NT Setup disks. Multipartite viruses infect both boot records and program files. Hard to repair as both areas must be cleaned or otherwise it will get re-infected. Macro viruses infect data files. Most abundant form of viruses, it is very costly and time consuming to repair. The emergence of Visual Basic in Microsofts Office 97 had brought about the type that also can infect Microsoft Office Word, Excel, and PowerPoint and Access files. Now it is becoming more spreading in other programs. The viral codes are based on the internal programming language which was invented for the ease in performance of some tasks for the user. It can be as many as thousands in existence. Trojan horse Trojan horses are indeed malicious program but they disguise themselves as something which is beneficial to the user. They are not self-replicating. They contain malicious code that when start off can cause theft and loss of data. Trojan horse needs human help in spreading. It will act as a backdoor to the users computer and send important information from the user computer to Internet servers designed by the developer of the virus. These things can result in the performance of the computer becoming too slow or pop-up windows appear unexpectedly and finally can cause a crash to computer. Email attachments are the most common spamming techniques to give out the virus to unsuspecting users. When the user opens the attachment file, the above mentioned task is performed. Chat software is another preferred area for the spread of Trojan horse. It sends a copy of itself to the people in address book via the infected computer. Worms do not need help from host file to spread from system to system. It can stay attached to Word or Excel a document which has the worm macro inside the document. The whole document is worm as it can travel from computer to computer. Basic threats to computer resources Accidental use: misuse of a Web site or Internet service Data destruction: loss of data accidentally or intentionally on Web site or other Internet-based service and the stealing and eavesdropping of data from the Internet and other service whether in encryption or not Interference: diverting data or overloading data so the Web sites or Internet services are derailed or the server crippled. Misrepresentation: creating of false credentials by using a counterfeit Web site to delay traffic for an intended location. Modification: changing incoming or outgoing data of a particular Web-site or service intentionally or accidentally. It is hard to detect when transmitted in large amount. Repudiation: The refusal from the customer or consumer side that they have ever order goods online or received such goods VPNs are a necessity in preventing from becoming a victim due to the following factors: v Threats v Vulnerabilities v Attack methods v Security-control mechanisms Unauthorised altering or downloading: Updating or copying data without acknowledgement from the source Unauthorised disclosure: looking-up data without consent These threats are more prone to happen through the Internet when increasing the number and value of the data and service you offer to your employees and in the case of customers and business partners that goes double. Organised attacks usually have known patterns and arrive through the Internet by different strategies. Five areas are favourites for hackers to attack: Human gullibility: Using false credentials or outright imposture, hackers try to squeeze information out of unwitting or unsuspecting employees. Methods include these gambits: Tricking someone to revealing an ID and password Obtaining access to controlled areas for instance: phone, closets and network concentrators to bug the system Obtaining access to modern phone numbers Stealing authorized users credentials such as badges and security tokens Computer architectures: hackers look for loopholes or back doors into computer systems to gain access. Examples include: Logging on using factory-default IDs Acquiring and utilising passwords system administrators fail to get rid of from servers before product installation More server-configuration principles Make certain that your Application servers and Database servers are running on separate servers that are insulated from both the Internet and from other domains within your organisation. Remove all unnecessary server software that is not specifically for operational purposes. This may include Language compliers Perl libraries Administrative utilities Factory-supplied log-ins and passwords On any open ports not specifically configured for incoming requests, Firewalls should disallow FTP TFTP Telnet Requests Dont operate software such as, FTP, tftp, telnet or e-mail systems on any special-purpose server or Web server hardware. Rather, dedicate a separate system for those uses that you can adequately control. Whenever remote operations (such as telnet and xterm) are needed, make sure the Secured Socket Handler (SSH) and Secure Copy (SCP) are used. Make sure your Web server software is protected against hostile browsers; apply patches to the software as rapidly as possible when you discover and correct new vulnerabilities. As much as possible, set up your servers to provide unique functions and capitalize on the distributed nature of the network. The three-tier client server architecture helps you keep out intruders trying to invade from the dark reaches of the Internet. b) Why there should be a Network security policy in place in all the networked companies. (5 Marks) A VPN can only help to implement a security policy- it cant create one for you. You have some complex decisions to make: Access rights include these: Who has permission to access what? From where, when, how, and how often do you allow access? Access-control rules include these: IP source Destination Packet content Available services VPN management responsibilities include these: Who administers the system? Who administers-and enforces-security? Whos authorised to authorise digital certificates? Who performs Registration Authority (RA) activities? Who administers your users desktop systems? Types and degrees of encryption required can include these: Deciding IPSec settings and options Managing private and public keys, including key-recovery procedures Certificate practices Length of time key material remains active Control over exports of data Authentication requirements include these: Conversion of user IDs and passwords to digital-certificate processing Security-access tokens Smartcards and other forms of employee security VPN endpoints determine where the systems electronic tunnels go: Gateway to gateway Gateway to desktop Desktop to desktop Data and network security Do you have staff specifically assigned to data security? Do staff members participate in regular training programs to keep abreast of technical and legal issues? Do you restrict physical access to computer operations and paper/micrographic files that contain personally identifiable information? Do you have procedures to prevent former employees from gaining access to computers and paper files? Are sensitive files segregated in secure areas or computer systems and available only to qualified persons? Do you have audit procedures and strict penalties in place to prevent telephone fraud and theft of equipment and information? Do all employees follow strict password rules and virus-protection procedures? Are employees required to change passwords often, using foolproof methods? Is encryption used to protect extremely sensitive information (a particularly important measure when transmitting personally-identifiable information over public networks such as the Internet)? Do you regularly conduct systems-penetration tests to determine whether your systems are hacker proof? If your organisation is potentially susceptible to industrial espionage, have you taken extra precautions to guard against leakage of information? Policy controls are a must as reliance on IP networks and VPNs expand. As you migrate your legacy programs and systems to Web-based technology, you face the problems that were solved long ago on large enterprise networks. Given its shortcomings, TCP/IP alone cant meet the demands of these critical and security-minded applications. IP was never designed to priortise traffic based on the nature of the traffic itself. Clearly, if mission-critical applications operate on your VPN without high degrees of network control, performance problems can sound the death knell-negating the reasons for migrating in the first place. If (for example) your corporate extranet is intended for external sales-order processing and fulfillment, youve got trouble if you dont specifically accommodate its traffic pattern. Internal users trying to move large files via FTP, trying to teleconference via the network, or watching video clips of your CEOs corporate briefing could degrade the performance of your revenue-generating applications from the outside. The response: Establish rules and policies that enable you to manage such traffic within the context of the traffic itself. Policies govern decisions about whom and what will get priority over resources- and who and what wont. Youll need rules like these to determine the shifting of business priorities in response to time-of-day constraints: During business hours, youll want established customer traffic to have the highest priority. During non-business hours, bulk file transfers that complete the days order processing may need the highest priority. Summary Best Practices in Network Security One of the side benefits of the Internets growth, with the accompanying reports of computer and network break-ins and computer virus infections, is the increased awareness and acceptance of computer and network security policies, procedures and mechanisms. As our use of computers and networks expands, so does the list of things that can go wrong and ways our organisations can be hurt. Security policy, procedure and proper-use documents give system and network administrators something to fall back on in a crisis, as well as guidance for the mundane but essential day-to-day decisions and actions. They also provide approaches to problems that have been well-thought-out and tested over time. And though there is no magic in them, these policies bring an organisation closer to understanding its computer and network business requirements and risks. At the same time, the policies provide a framework for re-evaluation as requirements and risks change. The work of instituting the best practices for network security can be daunting. The list of tasks seems limitless, and the possible procedural issues appear to touch on every aspect of every employees interaction with the network. The correct framework built on the correct premises makes this easier to accomplish. Premises firmly grounded in reality that takes into account the needs for both usability and security; give us the freedom to thoughtfully and calmly provide the security we need, in a manageable way, while still delivering required services and enabling profitability. But dogma plus information is not enough. At every step, senior management support is critical. From the assignment of responsibilities with authority, to the approval of purchasing, policies and plans, upper management makes or breaks the security program. Aside from the fact that in any organization senior management assigns and delegates authority, it is often the official or unofficial arbitrator should individuals or organisations disagree with policy. The right information, mind-set, and blueprint provide the foundation for security with usability for an enterprise. Recommendation Without security measures and controls in place, data might be subject to an attack. These attacks can be passive, active, network based or Non-Network based attacks. Using the following measures can help to prevent all these attacks: Consult with network experts before actually buying any network devices. This not only can help the organization to choose the right network devices but also to save them a lot of money. Use the latest virus protection software on each computer in the network. Also Anti-virus software should be frequently updated. Use a Firewall such as a network appliance or a personal firewall package. Firewall software should be updated regularly. Also hardware Firewalls should be configured properly. Use the Internet only through Rooter firewalls and Proxies and dont connect the computers directly to broadband. It is also recommended the users such students and staff to be trained and well informed about virus and how to use the system safely. Disable java, JavaScript and ActiveX For web sites, use SSL. Always backup the necessary files, system files and configurations on the network. These measures are the most recommended methods for network security. Using these methods will definitely help to reduce any potential attacks from the Internet. Bibliography Web sites: 1)https://staff.washington.edu/gray/papers/credo.html 2)https://www.ph.utexas.edu/security/network-security.html 3)3https://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/eserver/v1r3s/index.jsp?topic=/iphae_web/networksecurity.htm 4)https://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/eserver/v1r3s/index.jsp?topic=/iphae_web/networksecurity.htm A5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband Books 5) Chris Brenton, 1999Mastering Network Security, US, Sybex inc. William Stallings, 2000, Network Security Essentials, US, Prentice-Halting. 7) Fred Halshal, 1992,Data Communication and Computer Network, US, Addison-wesley. 8) Mike James, 1989, Low Cost PC Network, UK, Anchor Press ltd. References https://elias.decus.ch/presentations/ge_19970415_av/TSLD011.HTMGeneric Firewall Functions A straightforward, simple outline of firewall functions, part of a sales presentation for the Alta Vista Firewall. https://www.ukiahsoft.com/securitywp.htmlNetRoad FireWALL White Paper A sales piece for the NetRoad FireWALL from Ukiah Software, Inc., containing a Firewall Primer with excellent descriptions of firewall types. More technical but it defines terms and is well written. Fire in the Hole https://www.infosecuritymag.com/fire.htm An August 1998 article by Edward Skoudis. Written for savvy readers but with lots of good basic information about firewalls and the then-current state of the firewall art. https://mmm.wiwi.hu-berlin.de/IMI/s_firewalls.html Network Security and Firewalls Another good reference, which though highly technical explains more about what those layers are and how security works in each layer. https://www.examcram2.com/articles/article.asp?p=101741seqNum=3rl=1 Resources The following books and Web sites can provide insight into the development of sound security policies and procedures. Books Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker, Bill Cheswick and Steve Bellovin. Addison-Wesley, June 1994 Designing Systems for Internet Commerce, Win Treese and Larry Stewart. Addison-Wesley, 1998 Web Security Sourcebook, Aviel Rubin, Daniel Geer and Marcus Ranum. Wiley Computer Publishing, 1997 Information Warfare and Security, Dorothy Denning. Addison-Wesley, 1999 +Information Security: Policies and Procedures: A Practitioners Reference, Thomas R. Peltier. CRC Press, Auerbach Publications, December 1998 The Information Systems Security Officers Guide: Establishing and Managing an Information Protection Program, Gerald Kovacich. Butterworth-Heinemann, May 1998 Web Sites The SANS Institute, www.sans.org: Security policies, course notes The Computer Security Institute (CSI), www.gocsi.com: Various papers and editorials about security practices and products Project COAST (Computer Operations, Audit and Security Technology), Purdue University, www.cerias.purdue.edu/coast/: Software tools, information archives, research projects Page 62 of 66

the Breakdown of Immune System Free Essays

The Breakdown of Immune System Andy 1131400011 English? Liver Pool 2012. 10. 19 Diseases always suddenly burst into people’s lives and leave long-term scars for these patients. We will write a custom essay sample on the Breakdown of Immune System or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many diseases are so serious that have global influence in human history. As the article The Evolution and Breakdown of Immune System wrote, â€Å"The breakdown of immune system is one of the most frequent and dangerous diseases all over the world. (Jonsson, Brokstad, Hansen, Davies Ulevestad, 2002)† It not only influences the patients, but impacts their families, and even worse, they may become the burden of the whole society. Every patient really suffers lots of pain when they fight with these kinds of diseases. They will simply influence your immune system, the guardian of your body, even destroy it. Patients may get sick and find it hard to recover once there have some disturbance come from the outside environment. AIDS is one of the most influential diseases of them. According to the dates from UNAIDS, in2010, there are totally 33. 3 million people who suffer lots of pain for AIDS in the earth (UNAIDS, 2010). People who get AIDS will become unbelievably vulnerable and can only lengthen their life under some medical help. The influence of these kinds of diseases will expand from personal to social. Patients’ families are the first who will bear the torture of worries and sadness. Immune system is hard to rebuild after break down so the patients’ families have to pay money for their treatment endlessly. Once they do not have enough money, the patient can only wait for the end of the life, which will bring families huge pain. Only in Africa, 23 million people who died because of AIDS in 2010 (UNAIDS, 2010). And there are millions of families suffer the hurt caused by AIDS. Not only the patients’ families will suffer a lot when they try to save the patients, the society also weighs down by the expenditure to treat patients. In 2009, US$ 15. 9 billion was used to get all kinds of available sources for HIV, but in 2010 there will have $ 26. 8 billion needed for HIV services, and the scholars said there will have a long period ncrease because of the growth of patients who is infected by AIDS (UNAIDS, 2010). Since extensive impacts caused by immune system breakdown, if we can find some causes of it, there may have some favorable change in our future. Based on its different causes, it is usually divided into three main parts: immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and hypersensitivity. Immunodeficiency is first type, which refers to diseases that can make the ability of immune system to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent. Most cases of this kind of diseases are acquired but some people are born with defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. One example provided by Dr. Greenberg is the mix-use of things which can touch our body, such as syringe needles and toothbrush (Greenberg, 2009). So we should be careful to our actions in our daily lives. The second is autoimmunity, which contains diseases are caused by the failure of an organism in recognizing its own constituent parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues. It is often caused by a lack of germ development of a target body. The immune system may fight with each other regardless of the corporations. Some scientists regard overstress and overwork as two main reasons of these kinds of diseases (Clare, 2003). It means the irregular living style may lead to the breakdown of the immune system. Lastly is hypersensitivity. It refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies. Many of them are caused by unhealthy living habits in our daily lives (Allen, 1999). Maybe some people always eat a lot once they find something is delicious, maybe they spend too much time in a certain environment, all these may cause the breakdown of our immune system. After we are aware of the bad influences of immune system breakdown on patients, families and society; after we research and trace its causes and divide them into three main types, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and hypersensitivity, we really hope that the breakdown of the immune system will leave less pain on people’s lives. But unfortunately, immune system breakdown is still one of the most destructive diseases in the world. Word count: 718 words Reference 1) JONSSON, R. R. , BROKSTAD, K. , HANSEN, T. T. , DAVIES, T. T. , ULVESTAD, E. E. (2002). The Evolution and Breakdown of the Immune System: Implications for Development of Autoimmune Diseases*. Scandinavian Journal Of Immunology, 56(3), 323-326. doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-3083. 2002. 01158. x 2) Greenberg, S. (2009, 2). Immunodeficiency. Retrieved from http://www. utoronto. a/kids/Immunodeficiency. htm 3) UNAIDS. (2010, 12 23). The fact sheet on HIV for global report use. Retrieved from http://www. unaids. org/documents/20101123_FS_Global_em_en. pdf 4) Clare, A. (2003). The stranger within. New Scientist, 180(2421), 34. Retrieved from http://www. katewerk. com/chimera. html 5) Allen, C. (1999). Delayed type hypersensitivity: Current theories with an historic perspective. Dermatology Online Journal, 5(1), 7. Retrieved from http://dermatology. cdlib. org/DO Jvol5num1/reviews/black. html How to cite the Breakdown of Immune System, Papers

Considered As The Process Of Closing Down †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Considered As The Process Of Closing Down? Answer: Introducation Liquidation is considered as the process of closing down the companys activities where all the assets are sold to repay the amount of the debt. Generally, this situation is considered to be unfavorable for the business and can be regarded as adverse also. The ultimate reason due to which any company reaches to liquidation stage is that when it becomes impossible to recover all the major expeneses(Young Thyil 2014). Many reasons of liquidation are present such as high amount of debt burden, ineffective corporate governance, ineffective ethical activities, etc. Sometimes boards of directors of the business are not able to focus on the key activities due to which company has to shut down its operations. The present study carried out is based on the liquidation case of HIH insurance, OneTel company and ABC learning which all these companies have to shut down their operations due to a large number of reasons and they have been discussed in the report. Apart from this corporate governance , ethics and other form of activities of the companies have been undertaken. Concept Of Liquidation The concept of liquidation arises when an organization is not able to conduct its operations and due to this reason situation of shutting down the operations arises. Overall debt burden is considered to be one of the main reasons where company obtains a large amount of funds from the bank and in turn they are able to repay the amount back(Weil, Schipper Francis 2013). The concept of liquidation and bankruptcy differs from each other where it has been identified that any organization which is liquidated is not necessarily bankrupt. The possible reasons behind liquidation can be the high level of debt, high competition in the market, an absence of profit planning control, unethical activities carried out within the business etc. So, these events are totally unfavorable for the business. In case of Australia, many companies have gone into liquidation. Companies such as ABC learning, HIH insurance and OneTel company have gone through this stage. Further, company like HIH insurance was liquidated with the loss that lies in the range of AU$3.6 billion to AU$5.3 billion. In case of OneTel organization which was one of the fastest telecommunication enterprise where the business has suffered loss of AU$291 million in the year 2000. Such losses directly lead to the event of liquidation and other form of issues were also faced by the businesses that involves poor auditing, ineffective financial planning, weak corporate governance etc(Purves, Niblock Sloan 2016). Events That Led To The Liquidation Large numbers of valid reasons are present due to which companies such as HIH insurance, OneTel Company and ABC learning are not able to manage their operations, and they reached into liquidation stage. Further, organizations such as OneTel company and HIH insurance has ineffective corporate governance activities(Pearson 2016). The main challenge identified was the passion for chasing low yield enterprise and adequate amount of capital is not present so as to smoothly carry out overall operations. Poor financial planning was present where board of directors was not able to monitor all the crucial tasks of the business. Liquidation of HIH insurance was one of the biggest failures in the Australian market where it has been identified that internal systems of the enterprise were not proper such as poor planning, lack of monitoring etc. Further, the HIH group was wide that was comprised of FAI general insurance, HIH casualty, General insurance limited etc. Directors of the HIH insurance breached their duty and due to this reason they were not at all part of the crucial activities(Mullinova 2016). Apart from this, the corporate culture of the business was quite conservative and glaring governance deficiency was the main reason for the downfall of the business. Shareholders of the HIH insurance have to incur heavy loss and due to this reason HIH insurance collapsed. In March 2001, the estimated value of the organization identified by liquidator was between $3.6 billion and $5.3 billion. Before six months the organization has to shut down its operations at that time HIH insurance was the second biggest in surer. The main cause of liquidation was inability of the organization to pay claim of insurance policy holder along with the poor cash position of entity(Mitrione, Tanewski Birt 2014). The report published by HIH royal commission highlights the underwriting loss of $73 million against a net earned premium of $1550 million in 30th June 1999. In case of OneTel company ineffective corporate governance lead to liquidation. The two CEOs of the organization have high influence on the business practice. Conflict of interest took place and this was directly compromised with the reason non audit services of the entity. Other valid reasons were present due to which OneTel company has to shut down its operations and it involves strategic mistake, wrong pricing policy, unbridled growth etc(Magnan 2015). Further, weak corporate governance was the main challenge which involves poor management communication with the board, inappropriate audit control. In case of ABC learning where company offered childhood education services in the Australian marketing but was unable to carry out major operations. Organization was not able to manage its overall expenses such as advertising cost, staff salary and other form of expenses that reduced profitability level. In November 2008 the organization incurred loss of $1.78 billion. Top executives of the enterprise were not able to manage overall operations and poor financial planning acted as hurdle(LaChance 2013). In the year 2008, ABC learning faced cash problem and due to this reason overall expenses were not recovered by the enterprise. It is a well known fact that top executives of the enterprise holds main responsibility to prepare strategic plans for the business linked with finance etc. But in case of ABC learning it was not possible for top management to manage overall performance of the business and it directly acted as hurdle. So, finally organization has to shut down its operations in the market and the overall result was in the form of heavy losses which company has to bear(Kim Partington 2015). Explanation Of Financial Stress Through Corporate Governance And Ethics In the modern era, effective corporate governance practices and ethics are essential for long term growth and sustainability of businesses(Barth 2015). Furthermore, the practices of corporate governance assist in carrying out the smooth flow of all operations and activities. At the same time, these practices provide companies with an appropriate direction to accomplish their business objectives. The above carried out analysis of three Australian companies indicates that ethics and inappropriate corporate governance practices are the primary reason behind the financial failure(Jones 2016). For instance, in case of HIH insurance company, it has been found that The Corporation Act was breached by the directors and such kind of practices cannot be considered as ethical. The result of this was that director was not encouraged and allowed to take part in the operational activities of the insurance company. The business also got liquidated, and there were different reasons behind the same. For example, the corporate culture which was developed and implemented by HIH insurance company was quite conservative. In addition to this, the company also failed to carry out effective management of all its practices and operations(Jones Peat 2014). The strategies adopted by CEO without seeking opinions and suggestions from other members have also resulted in the financial failure of the selected business enterprise. Another unethical practice which has been carried out HIH insurance company is that the corporation presented wrong financial information in front of investors. It can be stated that such kind of practices may provide short term benefit to companies but in the long run, all financial operations are adversely affected by such practices(Chapple, Clout Tan 2014). Considering the case of ABC learning centre, it has been analysed that lack of adequate corporate governance practices was one of the primary cause behind in liquidation in the marketplace(Arqawi, Bertin Prather 2014). Effective corporate governance practices which contribute to long term growth and development of companies were entirely missing in the case of ABC learning centre. The result of this was that the organization failed to generate adequate cash flow which is essential for every business operating in the market. It becomes almost impossible for companies to manage their day to day operations in the desired manner without having a deficit of cash flow. At the same time, leading banks of Australia has provided money to ABC learning centre for carrying out the smooth flow of all its operations and activities(Edwards 2013). However, it can be critically argued that the organization failed to manage this money and in the end, it got liquidated in the marketplace. Another case of One Tel can be taken into consideration to develop insight into the impact of ethics and ineffective corporate governance practices. The decision making within the enterprise was dominated by two CEOs, and it resulted developing the higher degree of dissatisfaction among other staff members in top management. In addition to this, it has also been witnessed that the monitoring of company was not carried out efficiently by the people by an executive board of directors. It can be argued that during its initial stage, One Tel Company has witnessed a rapid growth in the marketplace. However, in the long run, the company was not able to maintain the growth rate, and after one point of time, it reached the stage of liquidation(Henderson et al. 2015). For instance, in the year 2000, $291 million was the net operating loss recorded by the company. It was the time when leading banks and investors started perceiving that very soon; One Tel will be running out of the cash. Again in the year 2001, the company suffered from a loss of A$132 million(Monem Reza 2011). The reason behind these financial failures is also considered as the excessive control of companys CEO which has adversely affected the overall business activities and performance(Bushman 2014). Apart from this, conflicts within the interest of auditors present in the company are also considered as another reason behind the failure of One Tel Company.; Liability As A Major Factor Based on the information collected by three different organizations, it has been analyzed that liability cannot be considered as the key reason behind liquidation. Furthermore, the cause of settlement can be termed as ineffective practices linked with ethics and corporate governance. Nowadays, proper and adequate financial planning is mandatory for long term growth and sustainability of a business enterprise(Carnegie OConnell 2014). In addition to this, companies are also required to ensure that adequate cash flow is generated to manage its overall flow of operations and day to day activities. Even companies such as HIH insurance, One Tel, and ABC learning failed to meet their expenses in the long run, and such kind of situations is the significant threat to any business. The burden of finances was constantly increasing and in the end resulted in the liquidation of the mentioned above three companies(Chapple, Clout Tan 2014). Considering the case of HIH which was an insurance company, the financial report reflected that the corporation was in the stage of insolvency because of significant outstanding liabilities and debts. At the same time, it has experienced a loss of $5bn which resulted in affecting all its operations and practices in a negative sense(Chan, Watson Woodliff 2014). In the case of One Tel Company, ineffective corporate governance practices, lack of quality auditing and control over internal operations are considered as the primary reasons which resulted in liquidation(Beatty Liao 2014). Conclusion From the above carried out research report, it can be concluded that it is essential for companies to carry out ethical and effective corporate governance practices in the long run. 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